TVMDL has compiled syndrome specific diagnostic plans to assist clients in efficient diagnostic testing strategies based on clinical signs or gross necropsy findings. The client still has the ability to select the tests within the diagnostic plans that fit with the diagnostic goals and pre-test clinical suspicion of each case. Simply select the syndrome most appropriate for the case to review the testing recommendations and sampling requirements. Submit the appropriate samples and indicate which tests are desired by writing them in the “tests requested:” section of the submission form or electing them through the portal submission system. Listed tests are grouped by testing section and listed alphabetically.
Caprine/Ovine Respiratory Disease
This plan was created to assist with the investigation of the pathophysiology and etiologic agents involved the illness and/or death of small ruminants with clinical signs or postmortem findings consistent with lower respiratory system disease and/or bronchopneumonia.
Common Differentials:
Most cases of lower respiratory tract disease are of mixed etiology with various host, pathogen, and environmental predisposing factors.
Bacterial
Bibersteinia trehalosi
Bordetella parapertussis
Helcococcus ovis
Mannheimia haemolytica
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae
Mycoplasma spp.
Pasteurella multocida
Viral
Adenovirus 6
Parainfluenza 3
Respiratory syncytial virus
Lentivirus
Bluetongue virus
Recommended initial testing:
| Antimicrobial Susceptibility – Food Animal (indicate MIC or KB preference) | Pure bacterial isolate | 1 day | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Bacterial Identification – Livestock (Aerobic & Anaerobic Culture) | Fresh respiratory tissue, TTW, BAL, swabs | 2-7 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Mycoplasma spp. – Livestock (Culture) | Fresh respiratory tissue, swabs | 14 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Histopathology | Tissues in 10% NBF | 2-5 days | Histopathology | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (rtPCR)++ | 1 g lung &/or trachea; 2 mL TTW or BAL; swab | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CAN CS | MTWRF TWRF |
| Respiratory Disease Panel – Bacterial (rtPCR)++ (M. haemolytica, P. multocida, H. somni, M. bovis, T. pyogenes) | 1 g lung &/or trachea; 2 mL TTW or BAL; swab | 1-3 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CAN CS | TWRF |
| Virus Isolation (Cell Culture) | 2-5 g fresh tissue, swabs, 5-10 mL heparin whole blood | 14-21 days | Virology | CAN CS | TF T |
| ++Due to the limited number of submissions from some species, validation of test results cannot be accomplished within AAVLD requirements. However, testing results will be confirmed with positive and negative controls. | |||||
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
| Toxicology Evaluation (Microscopy) | 1 qt rumen contents, 20 mL water, 500 g feed, 4 flakes hay | 1-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Baermann Test | 5 g feces | 1-3 days | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| CBC - Livestock | 1 mL EDTA whole blood and 1-2 air dried slides | 1 day | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Chemistry Profile - Ruminant | 0.5 mL serum, lithium heparin plasma | 1 day | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Bluetongue & Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Multiplex (rtPCR) | 1 g fresh spleen, 2 mL EDTA blood | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| Bluetongue Virus (rtPCR) | 1 g fresh spleen, 2 mL EDTA blood | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| Bluetongue Virus Serotyping (rtPCR) (serotypes 2, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 17) | Previously extracted nucleic acid | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| Chlamydia spp. (rtPCR) | 1 g fresh respiratory tissue, swab | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| Malignant Catarrhal Fever (rtPCR) (ovine, ibex, white tail deer, caprine and alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 strains) | 1 g fresh lymph node, liver, spleen, kidney, lung; 2 mL EDTA blood | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Mycoplasma spp. (PCR) | 1 g fresh lung tissue, 0.5-2 mL joint fluid, swabs | 3-7 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CAN CS | WR |
| Necropsy | Fresh Carcass | 1-4 days | Necropsy | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Bluetongue Virus (cELISA) | 1 mL Serum | 1-2 days | Serology | CAN CS | MR |
| Mannheimia haemolytica (Microagglutination) | 1 mL serum or plasma | 1-2 days | Serology | CAN | MTWRF |
| Small Ruminant Lentivirus (cELISA) (CAE/OPP) | 1 mL serum | 1-3 days | Serology | CS | MR |
| Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (VN)++ | 1 mL serum | 3-5 days | Virology | CAN | TF |
| Caprine Herpesvirus SN | 1 mL serum | - | Referral | Cornell AHDC | - |
| ++Due to the limited number of submissions from some species, validation of test results cannot be accomplished within AAVLD requirements. However, testing results will be confirmed with positive and negative controls. | |||||
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
Caprine/Ovine Diarrhea – Kids & Lambs
This plan was created to assist with the investigation of etiologic agents that may cause or contribute to diarrhea in kids and lambs.
Common Differentials:
Bacterial
Clostridium perfringens
Escherichia coli
Salmonella spp.
Parasitical/Protozoal
Cryptosporidia
Coccidia
Giardia
Viral
Rotovirus group A and/or B
Recommended initial testing:
| Bacterial Identification - Livestock (Aerobic & Anaerobic Culture) Includes Salmonella culture | Feces, fresh intestines, swabs | 2-7 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Parasite & Ova Count (McMasters) (if > 3 wks old) | 3-5 g feces | 1-2 days | Clinical Pathology | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Parasite & Ova Identification (Fecal Floatation) (if < 3 wks old) | 3-5 g feces | 1-2 days | Clinical Pathology | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Calf Diarrhea Multiplex (rtPCR)++: Rotavirus group A, BCoV, cryptosporidium | 5-10 f feces, 1-2 mL intestinal content, 1-2 g fresh intestine, colon | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| ++Due to the limited number of submissions from some species, validation of test results cannot be accomplished within AAVLD requirements. However, testing results will be confirmed with positive and negative controls. | |||||
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
| Antimicrobial Susceptibility - Food Animal (indicate MIC or KB preference) | Pure bacterial isolate | 1 day | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Salmonella spp. (Culture) | Feces, fresh intestines or LNN, swabs | 7 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Histopathology | Tissues in 10% NBF | 2-5 days | Histopathology | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Clostridium perfringens Typing (rtPCR) | Pure bacterial isolate | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CAN CS | R |
| Cryptosporidium & Giardia Panel (rtPCR) | 1-2 g feces, 1 g intestine, 1-2 mL intestinal content | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| E. coli Toxin Typing - Ruminant (rtPCR) | Pure bacterial isolate | 1-4 days 1-2 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CAN CS | MTWRF W |
| Salmonella genus (rtPCR) | 1 g feces, swabs, 1 g fresh intestine | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| Electron Microscopy - Rotavirus | 5 g feces, 2-5 g fresh intestine, 2-5 mL intestinal content | 5-7 days | Virology | CS | Variable |
| Salmonella Serotyping [Referral] | Pure bacterial isolate | - | Referral | NVSL | - |
| Rotavirus Ag Detection, group A (LA) | 5 mL feces | - | Referral | Cornell AHDC | - |
| Rotavirus FA | Fresh small intestine | - | Referral | Cornell AHDC | - |
| Bovine Enteric PCR Panel Rotavirus group A, BCoV, Salmonella spp, E coli K99, Cryptosporidium parvum | Feces, intestinal content, fresh intestine, colon, swab | - | Referral | IA State VDL | - |
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
Caprine Adult Diarrhea/Poor Production
This plan was created to assist with the investigation of etiologic agents that may cause diarrhea, malabsorption, weight loss, or poor production in adult goats. The final testing plan will differ slightly for acute vs. chronic cases.
Common Differentials:
Bacterial
Endoparasitism
Coccidiosis
Parasitical
Johne’s Disease (MAP)
Viral
Rotavirus, group A and/or B
Other (Systemic Disease)
Indigestion
Ingestion of toxins
Liver Failure
Peritonitis
Renal Disease
Rumen acidosis
Sepsis/Toxemia
Recommended initial testing:
| Bacterial Identification - Livestock (Aerobic & Anaerobic Culture) | Feces, fresh intestines, swabs | 2-7 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| CBC - Livestock | 1 mL EDTA whole blood and 1-2 air dried slides | 1 day | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Chemistry Profile - Ruminant TP, ALB, AG ratio, globulin, Ca, P, Mg, glucose, CPK, BUN, creatinine, tBili, AST, GGT, GLDH, Na, K, Cl | 0.5 mL serum or lithium heparin plasma | 1 day | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Liver Profile GGT, AST, GLDH, NEFA, Cholesterol, tBili, triglycerides, NEFA:Cholesterol ratio | 0.5 serum | 1-2 days | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Parasite & Ova Count (McMasters) | 3-5 g feces | 1-2 days | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Parasite & Ova Identification (Fecal Floatation) | 3-5 g feces | 1-2 days | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Electron Microscopy - Rotavirus | 5 g feces, 2-5 g fresh intestine, 2-5 mL intestinal content | 5-7 days | Virology | CS | Variable |
| ++Due to the limited number of submissions from some species, validation of test results cannot be accomplished within AAVLD requirements. However, testing results will be confirmed with positive and negative controls. | |||||
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
| Metal & Mineral Panel (ICP/MS): cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, lead, thallium | 1 mL EDTA blood and 1 mL serum in royal blue top tube | 1-3 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Metal & Mineral Panel (ICP/MS): cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, lead, thallium | 5 g liver, 50 mg liver biopsy, 500 g feed | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Selenium (ICP/MS) | 1 mL EDTA blood (preferred), 2 mL serum or plasma | 1-3 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Selenium (ICP/MS) | 5 g liver, 50 mg liver biopsy, 500 g feed | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Trace Mineral Panel (ICP/MS): copper, cobalt, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc | 1 mL EDTA blood and 1 mL serum in royal blue top tube | 1-3 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | TF |
| Trace Mineral Panel (ICP/MS): copper, cobalt, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc | 5 g liver, 50 mg liver biopsy, 500 g feed | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | TF |
| Vitamin E (HPLC) | 10 g liver, 2 mL serum | 1-7 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | M |
| Antimicrobial Susceptibility - Food Animal (indicate MIC or KB preference) | Pure bacterial isolate | 1 day | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Salmonella spp. (Culture) | Feces, fresh intestines, swabs | 7 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Parasite Identification (Gross Identification) | Whole parasite (helminth/arthropod) | 1-3 days | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Histopathology | Tissues in 10% NBF | 2-5 days | Histopathology | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (rtPCR)++ | 1-2 mL EDTA blood, 1 g lung, trachea, swab | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CAN CS | MTWRF TWRF |
| Calf Diarrhea Multiplex (rtPCR)++: Rotavirus group A, BCoV, cryptosporidium | 5-10 f feces, 1-2 mL intestinal content, 1-2 g fresh intestine, colon | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| Clostridium perfringens Typing (rtPCR) | Pure bacterial isolate | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CAN CS | R |
| Cryptosporidium & Giardia Panel (rtPCR) | 1-2g feces, 1 g fresh intestine, 1-2 mL intestinal content | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| E. coli Toxin Typing - Ruminant (rtPCR) | Pure bacterial isolate | 1-4 days 1-2 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CAN CS | MTWRF W |
| Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (rtPCR): (Johne's disease) | 1 g feces, 1-2 g intestines, 1 mL intestinal content | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| Salmonella genus (rtPCR)++ | 1 g feces, swabs, 1 g fresh intestine | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis - Caprine/Ovine (SHI) | 2 mL serum, sterile collection technique | 2-4 days | Serology | CS | MTWR |
| Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Ð Serum or Plasma (ELISA) (Johne's disease) | 1 mL serum or plasma | 1-3 days | Serology | CAN CS | TWR MR |
| Small Ruminant Lentivirus (cELISA) | 1 mL serum | 1-3 days | Serology | CS | MR |
| Virus Isolation (Cell Culture) | Fresh tissue, swabs, heparin whole blood | 14-21 days | Virology | CAN CS | TF T |
| Salmonella Serotyping [Referral] | Pure bacterial isolate | - | Referral | NVSL | - |
| Johne's Culture Non-Bovine | 1) 15g fresh feces; 2) Fresh distal ileum, ileocecal junction and associated lymph nodes | - | Referral | Cornell AHDC | - |
| Rotavirus FA | Fresh small intestine | - | Referral | Cornell AHDC | - |
| Rotavirus Ag Detection, group A (LA) | Feces | - | Referral | Cornell AHDC | - |
| ++Due to the limited number of submissions from some species, validation of test results cannot be accomplished within AAVLD requirements. However, testing results will be confirmed with positive and negative controls. | |||||
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
Caprine/Ovine Infectious Abortion
This plan was created to assist with the investigation of etiologic agents that may cause abortion in caprine or ovine females.
Common Differentials:
Bacterial/Protozoal
Brucella spp.
Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus
Campylobacter jejuni
Chlamydophila abortus
Coxiella burnetii
Leptospira spp.
Listeria spp.
Salmonella spp.
Toxoplasma gondii
Yersinia spp
MISC other bacteria/fungi
Viral
Bluetongue virus (Orbivirus)
Border disease virus (Pestivirus)
Cache Valley virus (Bunyavirus)
Other (noninfectious mimics)
Energy/Protein deficiency
Copper deficiency
Heavy metal intoxication
Iodine deficiency +/- Brassica plants
Nitrate-nitrite toxicity
Toxic plants
Recommended initial testing for fetus & placenta
| Histopathology | Tissues in 10% NBF | 2-5 days | Histopathology | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Abortion Panel - Livestock Bacterial (Culture): includes trichomonas, campylobacter, brucella, and listeria | Fetal stomach contents, fetal tissue, placenta | 10 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Coxiella burnetii (rtPCR) | 1 g fetal liver or fetal lung, 1-2 mL fetal stomach content, 1 g placenta, 1-2 mL vaginal discharge, 1-2 mL colostrum or milk | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Campylobacter jejuni (rtPCR) | 1 g fresh fetal tissue or placenta, 1-2 mL fetal stomach content, 1-2 mL uterine discharge or cervical mucous | 1-3 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CAN CS | TWRF |
| Chlamydia spp. (rtPCR) | 1 g fetal liver or spleen, 1 g placenta | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| Toxoplasma gondii (rtPCR) | 1-2 g fresh fetal tissue | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (rtPCR)++ | 1 g fetal lung, 1-2 mL semen, 1-2 mL EDTA blood | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Abortion Panel - Caprine/Ovine Serology: Leptospira Panel - 5 Serovars (MAT), Toxoplasma IgG (IFA), Coxiella burnetii (ELISA), Bluetongue Virus (AGID), and Brucella abortus (Card Agglutination) | 2 mL fetal body fluids | 2-4 days | Serology | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| ++Due to the limited number of submissions from some species, validation of test results cannot be accomplished within AAVLD requirements. However, testing results will be confirmed with positive and negative controls. | |||||
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
| Metal & Mineral Panel (ICP/MS): cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, lead, thallium | 5 g fetal liver, 500 g feed | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Nitrates - Fluids (Colorimetric) | 1 mL ocular fluid, eyeball | 1-2 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Trace Mineral Panel (ICP/MS): cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc | 5 g fetal liver, 500 g feed | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | TF |
| Campylobacter spp. (Culture) | Swabs (charcoal), fetal stomach content, fetal fluid, fetal tissue | 7 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Salmonella spp. (Culture) | Fetal stomach contents, fetal tissue, Amies culture swabs | 7 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Bluetongue Virus (rtPCR) | 1 g fetal spleen, 2 mL EDTA whole blood, 1-2 mL semen | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| Bunyavirus & Cache Valley Virus (PCR) | 1 g fresh fetal kidney, brain, &/or placenta | 4-5 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CAN | R |
| Campylobacter fetus Differentiation (rtPCR) | 1 g fetal tissue (lung) &/or placenta, 2 mL fetal stomach contents, bacterial isolate, 1-2 mL preputial wash, uterine wash, or cervical swab | 1-3 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CAN CS | TWRF |
| Leptospira spp. (rtPCR)++ (Caprine) | 1 g fresh fetal kidney, liver, &/or placenta, 1-2 mL urine | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| Malignant Catarrhal Fever (rtPCR) Ovine, ibex, white tail deer, caprine and alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 strains | 1 g fetal liver, spleen, kidney, lung, or lymph node, 1-2 mL EDTA blood | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CAN CS | TWRF TWRF |
| Neospora caninum (rtPCR) | 1 g fetal brain (preferred), placenta, liver, lung, &/or heart | 2-3 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| Bluetongue Virus Isolation (Egg Inoculation) | 2-5 g fetal spleen, 1 mL semen, 2-5 mL whole blood | 7-21 days | Virology | CS | R |
| Virus Isolation (Cell Culture) | 2-5 g fresh tissues, swabs, 1 mL semen, 5-10 mL heparin blood | 14-21 days | Virology | CAN CS | TF T |
| Salmonella Serotyping [Referral] | Pure bacterial isolate | - | Referral | NVSL | - |
| Leptospira spp. PCR (Ovine) | 5 gm tissue (kidney, fetal material, placenta) | - | Referral | KSVDL | - |
| Listeria monocytogenes PCR | 10 gm tissue (liver, spleen, brain, fetus, placenta) | - | Referral | KSVDL | - |
| Listeria monocytogenes (PCR) [Referral] | 5 g brain or fetal tissue, 2 mL EDTA blood, 2 mL CSF, 50 mL milk | - | Referral | Cornell AHDC | - |
| Campylobacter IHC | Fixed tissue | - | Referral | MSU VDL | - |
| Leptospira spp IHC | Fixed kidney | - | Referral | MSU VDL | - |
| Listeria monocytogenes IHC | Fixed tissue | - | Referral | MSU VDL | - |
| Toxoplasma gondii IHC | Fixed tissue | - | Referral | MSU VDL | - |
| ++Due to the limited number of submissions from some species, validation of test results cannot be accomplished within AAVLD requirements. However, testing results will be confirmed with positive and negative controls. | |||||
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
View secondary or additional tests for dam serology
| Selenium (ICP/MS) | 1 mL EDTA blood | 1-3 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (rtPCR)++ | 1-2 mL EDTA blood | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CAN CS | MTWRF TWRF |
| Campylobacter fetus (Microagglutination) | 1 mL serum or plasma | 1-2 days | Serology | CAN | MTWRF |
| Abortion Panel- Caprine/Ovine Serology: Leptospira Panel - 5 Serovars (MAT), Toxoplasma IgG (IFA), Coxiella burnetii (ELISA), Bluetongue Virus (AGID), and Brucella abortus (Card Agglutination) | 2 mL serum | 2-4 days | Serology | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Neospora caninum (ELISA)++ | 1 mL serum | 1-3 days | Virology Serology | CAN CS | MR |
| Toxoplasma gondii IgG (IFA) | 1 mL serum | 1-3 days 1-2 days | Serology | CAN CS | MTWR MTWRF |
| Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Panel (VN)++ BVD types 1a, 1b, and 2 | 1 mL serum | 3 days | Virology | CAN | TF |
| Cache Valley Virus (VN) | 1 mL serum | 3 days | Virology | CAN CS | TF MF |
| Chlamydia psittaci CF Enzootic ovine abortion | 2-3 mL serum | - | Referral | NVSL | - |
| Caprine herpesvirus SN | 1 mL serum | - | Referral | Cornell AHDC | - |
| ++Due to the limited number of submissions from some species, validation of test results cannot be accomplished within AAVLD requirements. | |||||
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
Caprine/Ovine Neurologic Disease
This plan was created to assist with the investigation of etiologic agents that may cause neurologic abnormalities or disease in sheep or goats.
Bacterial
Bacterial meningitis/encephalitis
Enterotoxemia – C. perfringens
Listeriosis
Tetanus
Metabolic
Hypocalcemia
Hypomagnesemia
Hypophosphatemia
Negative Energy Balance
Viral
Lentivirus (CAEV/MVV)
Rabies virus
Other
Acidosis
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Lead toxicosis
Meningeal worm
Organophosphate toxicity
Polioencephalomalacia
Sodium toxicosis
Space occupying lesion
(abscess, etc)
Sulfur toxicosis
Thiamine deficiency
Toxic Plants
Trauma
Urea Toxicity
Water deprivation
Recommended initial antemortem testing
| Bacterial Identification - Livestock (Aerobic & Anaerobic Culture) | 0.5 mL CSF (red top tube) | 2-7 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| CSF Cytology: gross exam, total protein, cell counts, microscopic evaluation | 0.5 mL CSF (EDTA tube) | 1-2 days | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| CBC - Livestock | 1 mL EDTA whole blood and 1-2 air dried slides | 1 day | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Chemistry Profile - Ruminant | 0.5 mL Serum | 1 day | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
Recommended initial postmortem testing
| Metal & Mineral Panel (ICP/MS): cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, lead, and thallium | 5 g liver,50 mg liver biopsy, 500 g feed | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | TF |
| Toxicology Evaluation (Microscopy) | 1 qt rumen contents, 20 mL water, 500 g feed, 4 flakes hay | 1-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Bacterial Identification - Livestock (Aerobic & Anaerobic Culture) | 0.5 mL CSF or 1 g brain | 2-7 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Bacterial Identification - Livestock (Aerobic & Anaerobic Culture) | Fresh kidney or liver | 2-7 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| CSF Cytology: gross exam, total protein concentration, cell counts, microscopic evaluation | 0.5 mL CSF (EDTA tube) & air dried slide | 1-2 days | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Magnesium: Ocular fluid | 0.5 mL ocular fluid, eyeball | 1 day | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Histopathology | Tissues in 10% NBF | 2-5 days | Histopathology | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
| Rabies Virus (FA) [Referral] | Fresh entire brain | - | Referral | TX DSHS | - |
| Cholinesterase (Kinetic pH/Kinetic Colorimetric) | Entire fresh brain, 5 mL EDTA blood | 1-3 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Copper (ICP/MS) | 5g kidney, 3 mL urine | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Copper (ICP/MS) | 1 mL serum or plasma | 1-3 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Copper (ICP/MS) | 5 g liver,50 mg liver biopsy, 500 g feed | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Lead (ICP/MS) | 0.5 mL EDTA or heparin whole blood | 1-3 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Lead (ICP/MS) | 5 g kidney, 5 g liver, 50 mg liver biopsy, 500 g feed, 5 mL water | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Metal & Mineral Panel (ICP/MS): cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, lead, and thallium | Both 0.5 mL EDTA whole blood and 1 mL serum (royal blue top tube) | 1-3 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Pesticide Screen (GC/MS) | 30 g GI content, 10 g bait, 40 g forage or hay, 20 g liver, 20 mL water, 20 g soil, swab | 1-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Pesticide Quantitation (GC/MS): measures pesticides previously identified by Pesticide Screen test | 30 g GI content, 10 g bait, 40 g forage or hay, 20 g liver, swabs | 1-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| pH (pH Electrode) | 500 g rumen content | 1-3 days | Analytical Chemistry | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Trace Mineral Panel (ICP/MS): copper, cobalt, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc | 1 mL EDTA blood and 1 mL serum in royal blue top tube | 1-3 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | TF |
| Trace Mineral Panel (ICP/MS): copper, cobalt, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc | 5 g liver, 50 mg liver biopsy, 500 g feed | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | TF |
| Vitamin A (HPLC) | 10 g liver, 2 mL serum (protect from light) | 1-7 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | M |
| Vitamin E (HPLC) | 10 g liver, 2 mL serum | 1-7 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | M |
| Septicemia (Culture) | Blood inoculated into blood culture media | 14 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| CSF Analysis - Creatine Kinase (CK)++ | 0.5 mL CSF (red top tube) | 1 day | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| CSF Analysis – Electrolytes: Na, Cl, K++ Paired CSF and serum recommended | 0.5 CSF (red top tube) and 0.5 mL serum | 1 day | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Cytology (Digital) | 2-10 JPEG/PNG images of slide(s) | 1 day | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF (8am-4pm) |
| Parasite & Ova Count (McMasters) | 3-5 g feces | 1-2 days | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Parasite & Ova Identification (Fecal Floatation) | 3-5 g feces | 1-2 days | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Clostridium perfringens Typing (rtPCR) | Pure bacterial isolate | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CAN CS | R |
| G6S Detection (rtPCR) | 1-2 mL EDTA blood | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TR |
| Necropsy | Carcass | 1-4 days | Necropsy | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Small Ruminant Lentivirus (cELISA) (CAE/OPP) | 1 mL serum | 1-3 days | Serology | CS | MR |
| Virus Isolation (Cell Culture) | 2-5 g fresh tissue, | 14-21 days | Virology | CAN CS | TF T |
| Sodium (FAAS) [Referral] | Fresh brain hemisphere (20 g) | - | Referral | CSU VDL | - |
| Listeria monocytogenes (PCR) [Referral] | 5 g brain, 2 mL EDTA blood, 2 mL CSF, 50 mL milk | - | Referral | Cornell AHDC | - |
| Listeria monocytogenes PCR | 10 gm tissue (liver, spleen, brain) | - | Referral | KSVDL | - |
| ++Due to the limited number of submissions from some species, validation of test results cannot be accomplished within AAVLD requirements. | |||||
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
Caprine/Ovine Sudden Death
This plan was created to assist with the investigation of etiologic agents that may cause peracute or sudden mortality in goat or sheep patients.
Common Differentials
Infectious
Acute septicemia
Anthrax
Clostridial disease
Coliform mastitis
Listeriosis
Mycoplasmosis
Pasteurellosis
Septic metritis
Environmental
Blue-green algae
Heat stress/Hyperthermia
Lightening
Ruminal acidosis
Toxic plants/Other toxins
Water deprivation/Sodium toxicity
Other
Anaphylaxis
Copper
Liver Flukes
Polioencephalomalacia
Recommended initial testing
| Metal & Mineral Panel (ICP/MS): cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, lead, thallium | 5 g liver, 50 mg liver biopsy, 500 g feed | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Toxicology Evaluation (Microscopy) Rumen Content | 1 qt rumen contents, 20 mL water, 500 g feed, 4 flakes hay | 1-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Bacterial Identification - Livestock (Aerobic & Anaerobic Culture) | Fresh tissue (Brain or CSF, Intestines, +/- Lung, Kidney), swabs | 2-7 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Clostridium spp. (FA)++ | Fresh or fixed liver | 1 day | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Histopathology | Tissues in 10% NBF | 2-5 days | Histopathology | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Respiratory Disease Panel - Bacterial (rtPCR)++ (M. haemolytica, P. multocida, H. somni, M. bovis, T. pyogenes) | 1 g lung &/or trachea; 2 mL TTW or BAL; swab | 1-3 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CAN CS | TWRF |
| ++Due to the limited number of submissions from some species, validation of test results cannot be accomplished within AAVLD requirements. | |||||
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
| Cholinesterase (Kinetic pH/Kinetic Colorimetric) | Entire fresh brain, 5 mL EDTA blood | 1-3 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Copper (ICP/MS) | 5g kidney, 3 mL urine | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Copper (ICP/MS) | 1 mL serum or plasma | 1-3 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Copper (ICP/MS) | 5 g liver,50 mg liver biopsy, 500 g feed | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Toxicology Evaluation (Digital) | 2-10 JPEG/PNG images of plant, beetle, mushroom, blue-green algae, etc. | 1-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Herbicide (GC/MS) | 30 g GI contents, 10 g bait (source material), 40 g forage or hay, 20 g liver | 1-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Ionophores (LC/MS) | 500 g feed or GI content | 1-6 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | F |
| Lead (ICP/MS) | 0.5 mL EDTA or heparin whole blood | 1-3 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Lead (ICP/MS) | 5 g kidney, 5 g liver, 50 mg liver biopsy, 500 g feed, 5 mL water | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Metal & Mineral Panel (ICP/MS): cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, lead, thallium | 1 mL EDTA blood and 1 mL serum in royal blue top tube | 1-3 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Heavy Metal Panel (ICP/MS) Lead, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, thallium | 1 mL EDTA blood | 1-3 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | TF |
| Heavy Metal Panel (ICP/MS) Lead, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, thallium | 5 g liver, 50 mg liver biopsy, 500 g feed | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | TF |
| Nitrates - Fluids (Colorimetric) | 1 mL ocular fluid, entire eye ball, 1 mL urine, 1 mL serum, 20 mL water | 1-2 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Nitrates - Hay/Forage (Ion Selective) | 8-15 fresh forage stalks or 1 plastic or paper bag containing core samples from baled hay | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Pesticide Screen (GC/MS) | 30 g GI content, 10 g bait, 40 g forage or hay, 20 g liver, 20 mL water, 20 g soil, swab | 1-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Pesticide Quantitation (GC/MS): measures pesticides previously identified by Pesticide Screen test | 30 g GI content, 10 g bait, 40 g forage or hay, 20 g liver, swabs | 1-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| pH (pH Electrode) | 500 g rumen content | 1-3 days | Analytical Chemistry | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Selenium (ICP/MS) | 1 mL EDTA blood, 2 mL serum or plasma | 1-3 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Selenium (ICP/MS) | 5 g liver, 50 mg liver biopsy, 500 g feed | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Trace Mineral Panel (ICP/MS): copper, cobalt, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc | 1 mL EDTA blood and 1 mL serum in royal blue top tube | 1-3 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | TF |
| Trace Mineral Panel (ICP/MS): copper, cobalt, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc | 5 g liver, 50 mg liver biopsy, 500 g feed | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | TF |
| Antimicrobial Susceptibility - Food Animal (indicate MIC or KB preference) | Pure bacterial isolate | 1 day | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Bacillus anthracis (Culture) | Blood, swabs from orifices, spleen | 3 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Mastitis (Culture) | Milk | 7 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Mycoplasma spp. - Livestock (Culture) | Fresh lung or other indicated tissue | 14 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Mycoplasma spp. - Milk (Culture) | Milk | 14 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Septicemia (Culture) | Blood inoculated into blood culture media | 14 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Salmonella spp. (Culture) | Fresh intestines, LNN, other tissue or swabs | 7 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Magnesium: Ocular fluid | 0.5 mL ocular fluid, eyeball | 1 day | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Parasite & Ova Count (McMasters) | 3-5 g feces | 1-2 days | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Parasite & Ova Identification (Fecal Floatation) | 3-5 g feces | 1-2 days | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Clostridium perfringens Typing (rtPCR) | Pure bacterial isolate | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CAN CS | R |
| Mycoplasma spp. (PCR) | 1 g fresh tissue, 0.5-2 mL joint fluid, swab | 3-7 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CAN CS | WR TR |
| Salmonella genus (rtPCR) | 1 g feces, swabs, 1 g fresh intestine | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| Necropsy | Carcass | 1-4 days | Necropsy | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Virus Isolation (Cell Culture) | 2-5 g fresh tissue,5-10 mL heparin blood | 14-21 days | Virology | CAN CS | TF T |
| Salmonella Serotyping [Referral] | Pure bacterial isolate | - | Referral | NVSL | - |
| Sodium (FAAS) [Referral] | Fresh brain hemisphere (20 g) | - | Referral | CSU VDL | - |
| Listeria monocytogenes (PCR) [Referral] | 5 g brain, 2 mL EDTA blood, 2 mL CSF, 50 mL milk | - | Referral | Cornell AHDC | - |
| Listeria monocytogenes PCR | 10 gm tissue (liver, spleen, brain) | - | Referral | KSVDL | - |
| Feed Nutritional Testing [Referral] | 1 lb. feed | - | Referral | Servi-Tech Labs | - |
| Water Analysis | Water Sample Link 500 mL water | - | Referral | TAMU AgriLife | - |
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
Caprine/Ovine Pigmenturia
This plan was created to assist with the investigation of etiologic agents that may be associated with pigmenturia in caprine or ovine patients.
Common Differentials
- Hematuria: cystitis, pyelonephritis, urolithiasis, trauma, reproductive tract contamination, bracken fern toxicity, septicemia/DIC
- Hemoglobinuria: copper toxicity, leptospirosis, bacillary hemoglobinuria ( novyi D), toxic plant ingestion, water intoxication/isoerythrolysis, phosphorus deficiency
- Myoglobinuria: myositis, prolonged recumbency/compartment syndrome, trauma, severe myodegeneration, toxic plant ingestion
Recommended initial antemortem testing
| Copper (ICP/MS) | 3 mL urine | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Bacterial Identification -Livestock (Aerobic & Anaerobic Culture) | Urine | 2-7 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| CBC - Livestock | 1 mL EDTA whole blood and 1-2 air dried slides | 1 day | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Chemistry Profile - Ruminant | 0.5 mL Serum | 1 day | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Urinalysis | 3 mL urine | 1 day | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Leptospira spp. (rtPCR)++(Caprine) | 1-2 mL urine | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| Leptospira Panel - 5 Serovars (MAT) pomona, ictero., canicola, grippo., and hardjo | 1 mL serum | 1-2 days | Serology | CAN CS | MWF MTWRF |
| ++Due to the limited number of submissions from some species, validation of test results cannot be accomplished within AAVLD requirements. However, testing results will be confirmed with positive and negative controls. | |||||
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
Recommended initial postmortem testing
| Copper (ICP/MS) | 5g kidney | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Toxicology Evaluation (Microscopy) | 1 qt rumen contents, 20 mL water, 500 g feed, 4 flakes hay | 1-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Bacterial Identification -Livestock (Aerobic & Anaerobic Culture) | Renal pelvis &/or urine | 2-7 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Clostridium spp. (FA)++ | Fresh or fixed liver | 1 day | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Histopathology | Tissues in 10% NBF | 2-5 days | Histopathology | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Leptospira spp. (rtPCR)++ (Caprine) | 1 g fresh kidney, liver | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| ++Due to the limited number of submissions from some species, validation of test results cannot be accomplished within AAVLD requirements. | |||||
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
| Schedule |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Copper (ICP/MS) | 5 g liver,50 mg liver biopsy, 500 g feed | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Metal & Mineral Panel (ICP/MS): cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, lead, thallium | 1 mL EDTA blood and 1 mL serum in royal blue top tube | 1-3 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Metal & Mineral Panel (ICP/MS): cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, lead, thallium | 5 g liver, 50 mg liver biopsy, 500 g feed | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Plant Identification | Intact, preserved plant | 1-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Toxicology Evaluation (Digital) | 2-10 JPEG/PNG images of plant, beetle, mushroom, blue-green algae, etc. | 1-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Trace Mineral Panel (ICP/MS): copper, cobalt, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc | 5 g liver, 50 mg liver biopsy, 500 g feed | 2-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | TF |
| Urolith Composition (FTIR) | Clean, dry uroliths | 1-3 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Urine Crystal Identification | 3 mL urine | 1 day | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Necropsy | Carcass | 1-4 days | Necropsy | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Leptospira Panel - 6 Serovars (MAT) pomona, ictero., canicola, grippo., hardjo, and bratislava | Serum | 1-2 days | Serology | CAN CS | MWF MTWRF |
| Leptospira Panel - 7 Serovars (MAT) pomona, ictero., canicola, grippo., hardjo, bratislava, and autumnalis | Serum | 1-2 days | Serology | CAN CS | MWF MTWRF |
| Leptospira Panel - 8 Serovars (MAT) pomona, ictero., canicola, grippo., hardjo, bratislava, autumnalis, and sejroe | Serum | 1-2 days | Serology | CAN CS | MWF MTWRF |
| Water Analysis - Routine [Referral] ions (calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium), sulfates, chloride, pH, conductivity, and total dissolved salts (TDS) | Water Sample Link 500 mL water | - | Referral | TAMU AgriLife | - |
| Water Analysis - Routine & Metals [Referral]: ions (calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium), sulfates, chloride, pH, conductivity, and total dissolved salts (TDS), and metals (zinc, iron, copper, manganese) | Water Sample Link 500 mL water | - | Referral | TAMU AgriLife | - |
| Water Analysis - Routine & Heavy Metals [Referral]: ions (calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium), sulfates, chloride, pH, conductivity, and total dissolved salts (TDS), as well as metals (zinc, iron, copper, manganese), and heavy metals (arsenic, barium, chromium, cadmium, fluoride, nickel lead) | Water Sample Link 500 mL water | - | Referral | TAMU AgriLife | - |
| Feed Nutritional Testing [Referral] | 1 lb feed | - | Referral | Servi-Tech Labs | - |
| Livestock Water Suitability: Nitrate-nitrogen, Chloride, Sulfate-sulfur, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Total dissolved solids, Total hardness, Electrical conductivity, Water pH, Livestock hazard ratings | 500 mL water | - | Referral | Servi-Tech Labs | - |
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
Caprine/Ovine Anemia
This plan was created to assist with the investigation of etiologic agents that may be associated with pale mucous membranes or anemia in caprine or ovine patients.
Common Differentials: endoparasitism, ectoparasitism, blood loss/trauma, chronic disease
Recommended initial antemortem testing
| CBC - Livestock | 1 mL EDTA whole blood and 1-2 air dried slides | 1 day | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Chemistry Profile - Ruminant | 0.5 mL Serum | 1 day | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Parasite & Ova Count (McMasters) (if > 3 wks old) | 3-5 g feces | 1-2 days | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Parasite & Ova Identification (Fecal Floatation) (if < 3 wks old) | 3-5 g feces | 1-2 days | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
Recommended postmortem testing
| Bacterial Identification - Livestock (Aerobic & Anaerobic Culture) | Feces, intestines, abnormal tissues | 2-7 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Parasite & Ova Count (McMasters) (if > 3 wks old) | 3-5 g feces | 1-2 days | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Parasite & Ova Identification (Fecal Floatation) (if < 3 wks old) | 3-5 g feces | 1-2 days | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Histopathology | Tissues in 10% NBF | 2-5 days | Histopathology | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
| Hemoparasite Examination (Wright-Giemsa Stain) | 0.5 mL EDTA blood or air-dried slide | 1 day | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Fecal Occult Blood (Guiac) | 1 g feces | 1 day | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Iron Profile: Iron & TIBC | 0.5 mL serum | 1 day | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Septicemia (Culture) | Blood inoculated into blood culture media | 14 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Necropsy | Carcass | 1-4 days | Necropsy | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
Caprine/Ovine Ophthalmology
This plan was created to assist with the investigation of etiologic agents that may be associated with ophthalmic abnormalities in caprine and ovine patients.
Common Differentials: Trauma, Mycoplasma keratoconjunctivitis (Mycoplasma spp), Chlamydophila Keratoconjunctivitis (Chlamydophila spp), other bacterial infections (Branhamella spp., Moraxella spp., Mycoplasma spp., Pasteurella spp.), Neoplasia
- Bacterial blepharitis: Actinobacillus lignieresii, Clostridium novyi, Dermatophilus congolensis
- Viral blepharitis: parapoxvirus, capripoxivirus, orbivirus
- Parasitic/Other blepharitis: mange mites, photosensitization, aberrant elaeophoriasis, contact hypersensitivity, cutaneous myiasis
- Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (primary pathogen): Mycoplasma conjunctivae, Chlamydophila pecorum
Recommended initial testing
| Antimicrobial Susceptibility - Food Animal (indicate MIC or KB preference) | Pure bacterial isolate | 1 day | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Bacterial Identification - Livestock (Aerobic & Anaerobic Culture) | Swab Ð Amies Charcoal (lesion, conjunctiva, cornea, 3rd eyelid) | 2-7 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Campylobacter spp. (Culture) | Swab Ð Amies Charcoal (lesion, conjunctiva, cornea, 3rd eyelid) | 7 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Mycoplasma spp. - Livestock (Culture) | Swab Ð Amies Charcoal (lesion, conjunctiva, cornea, 3rd eyelid) | 14 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Cytology - Aspirate/Smear - Cornea | Air dried slides | 1-2 days | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
| Dermatophilus sp. (Stain) | Exudate, impression smears | 1 day | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Fungal Identification (Culture) | Swab (lesion, cornea) | 21 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 (rtPCR)++ | PCR swab (lesion, cornea) 2 mL EDTA blood | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CAN CS | MTWRF TWRF |
| Bluetongue Virus (rtPCR) | 2 mL EDTA blood | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| Mycoplasma spp. (PCR) | PCR swab | 3-7 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CAN CS | WR TR |
| Parapoxvirus (rtPCR) | 1 g fresh lesions or scabs | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| Electron Microscopy | 2-5 g fresh samples | 5-7 days | Virology | CS | Variable |
| Listeria monocytogenes (PCR) [Referral] | 2 mL EDTA blood | - | Referral | Cornell AHDC | MTWRF |
| ++Due to the limited number of submissions from some species, validation of test results cannot be accomplished within AAVLD requirements. However, testing results will be confirmed with positive and negative controls. | |||||
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
Caprine/Ovine Dermatology
This plan was created to assist with the investigation of etiologic agents that may be associated with dermatopathology in caprine and ovine patients.
Common Differentials: Mites (mange), lice (pediculosis), dermatophytosis (ringworm), bacterial infection, parapoxvirus infection (orf/contagious ecthyma), dermatophilosis, photosensitization, fly bite dermatitis
Recommended initial testing
| Bacterial Identification - Livestock (Aerobic & Anaerobic Culture) | Fresh skin tissue, swab | 2-7 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Dermatophilus sp. (Stain) | Exudate, impression smears | 1 day | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Fungal Identification (Culture) | Fresh tissue, swabs, fungal isolate | 21 days | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| Cytology (Skin scraping/impression smear) | Skin scraping material or air-dried slide | 1-2 days | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Histopathology - skin biopsy | Formalin (NBF) fixed skin tissue | 2-3 days | Histopathology | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Parapoxvirus (rtPCR) | 1 g fresh lesions or scabs | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
| Dermatopathology | Formalin fixed skin tissue | - | Referral | TAMU CVM | - |
| Plant Identification | Intact, preserved plant | 1-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Toxicology Evaluation (Microscopy) | 1 qt rumen contents, 20 mL water, 500 g feed, 4 flakes hay | 1-5 days | Analytical Chemistry | CS | MTWRF |
| Antimicrobial Susceptibility - Food Animal (indicate MIC or KB preference) | Pure bacterial isolate | 1 day | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRF |
| Clostridium spp. (FA)++ | Fresh or fixed liver | 1 day | Bacteriology | CAN CS | MTWRFS |
| CBC - Livestock | 1 mL EDTA whole blood and 1-2 air dried slides | 1 day | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Chemistry Profile - Ruminant: TP, ALB, AG ratio, globulin, Ca, P, Mg, glucose, CPK, BUN, creatinine, tBili, AST, GGT, GLDH, Na, K, Cl | 0.5 mL serum or lithium heparin plasma | 1 day | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis - Caprine/Ovine (SHI) (caseous lymphadenitis) | 2 mL serum | 2-4 days | Serology | CS | MTWR |
| Electron Microscopy | 2-5 g fresh samples | 5-7 days | Virology | CS | Variable |
| Virus Isolation (Cell Culture) | 2-5 g fresh tissue,5-10 mL heparin blood | 14-21 days | Virology | CAN CS | TF T |
| ++Due to the limited number of submissions from some species, validation of test results cannot be accomplished within AAVLD requirements. | |||||
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
Caprine/Ovine Pre-Purchase/Biosecurity
The following tests are available to detect or gain relevant information on diseases that are common risks to operation biosecurity when introducing new animals to the population. The final testing package will depend on individual operation biosecurity protocols and management goals.
Common diseases of concern to small ruminant operations: small ruminant lentivirus (CAE/OPP), corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (caseous lymphadenitis), Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease), parapoxvirus (orf/contagious ecthyma), Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
Basic Serology Screening: Caprine/Ovine
| Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis - Caprine/Ovine (SHI) (caseous lymphadenitis) | 2 mL serum | 2-4 days | Serology | CS | MTWR |
| Small Ruminant Lentivirus (cELISA) (CAE/OPP) | 1 mL serum | 1-3 days | Serology | CS | MR |
| Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis - Serum or Plasma (ELISA) (Johne's disease) | 1 mL serum or plasma | 1-3 days | Serology | CAN CS | TWR MR |
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
Comprehensive Serology Screening: Caprine/Ovine
| Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis - Caprine/Ovine (SHI) (caseous lymphadenitis) | 2 mL serum | 2-4 days | Serology | CS | MTWR |
| Small Ruminant Lentivirus (cELISA) (CAE/OPP) | 1 mL serum | 1-3 days | Serology | CS | MR |
| Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis - Serum or Plasma (ELISA) (Johne's disease) | 1 mL serum or plasma | 1-3 days | Serology | CAN CS | TWR MR |
| Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (rtPCR) | 1 g feces | 1-4 days | Molecular Diagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| Coxiella burnetii (ELISA) | 1 mL serum or plasma | 1-3 days | Serology | CS | TF |
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||
| Parapoxvirus (rtPCR) | 1 g fresh lesions or scabs | 1-4 days | MolecularDiagnostics | CS | TWRF |
| Parasite & Ova Count (McMasters) | 3-5 g feces | 1-2 days | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Parasite & Ova Identification (Fecal Floatation) | 3-5 g feces | 1-2 days | Clinical Pathology | CS | MTWRF |
| Scrapie genetic testing | Varies | Visit the Gene Check, Inc website for more information on sample types. | - | Referral | Gene Check, Inc | - |
| TAT = Testing Result Turnaround Time, Schedule = (M) Monday, (T) Tuesday, (W) Wednesday, (R) Thursday, (F) Friday, S (Saturday) | |||||