Veterinary professionals frequently encounter infectious diseases that are difficult to diagnose and treat, and mycoplasmosis is one of the most challenging. Mycoplasma species cause negative health effects in animals by spurring respiratory illness, pneumonia, arthritis, mastitis, and reproductive failure. Supported by testing services from the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, TVMDL, clinicians and producers can catch these organisms early on to prevent high morbidity, severe weight loss, and potential death.
Mycoplasma overview
Mycoplasma species are extremely small, free-living bacteria that lack cell walls. This structural difference makes them unique and clinically important.
Characteristics of Mycoplasma species include:
- Smaller than many bacteria and even some viruses
- Surrounded only by a cell membrane rather than a rigid cell wall
- Resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall formation (Beta-lactams)
Because of these traits, infections often persist or fail to respond to routine treatments, making diagnostic laboratory support essential for veterinarians.
Species at risk
Mycoplasma organisms are found in a wide range of domestic and wildlife species, including cattle, swine, poultry, cats, and dogs. Sheep, goats, rabbits, wildlife, and some exotic animals can also be affected.
Importantly, different strains are associated with specific syndromes in each species. For example, infected cattle may present with pneumonia, mastitis, or arthritis, while swine commonly experience enzootic pneumonia, chronic coughing, and reduced growth performance.
Mycoplasma-associated diseases are especially problematic in environments with high animal density, including:
- Dairies
- Poultry operations
- Swine facilities
- Animal shelters
This broad host range and varied disease presentation highlights the importance of considering Mycoplasma infections across species and clinical settings.
Clinical signs that should raise suspicion
Mycoplasma infections often resemble other diseases but share a key feature: poor response to standard treatments.
Common indicators include:
- Persistent respiratory signs (cough, nasal discharge, fever)
- Mastitis not improving with antibiotics
- Chronic arthritis or otitis
- Poor growth in livestock
- Pale mucous membranes, lethargy, or jaundice in small animals
When animals fail to improve after broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy, Mycoplasma should be considered as a differential diagnosis.
Diagnostic options at TVMDL
Because Mycoplasma species quickly lose viability outside the host, careful sample collection and handling are critical for accurate diagnosis. Clients should review sample collection and shipping instructions in the test catalog before submitting.
TVMDL offers both traditional and molecular testing methods for detection of Mycoplasma species. While culture is considered the gold standard for diagnosing these infections, results may take several days to weeks.
For the fastest results, clients may consider PCR, a highly sensitive test capable of detecting multiple organisms simultaneously, even when they are non-viable or present in low numbers.
Serology testing is primarily used to survey poultry flocks for exposure to Mycoplasma. These tests indicate prior exposure to the pathogen and cannot be used to confirm an active infection.
TVMDL’s comprehensive testing catalog is a valuable resource for clients determining which tests to request. Additionally, TVMDL staff are readily available to provide guidance by phone.
Key takeaways for practitioners and producers
Mycoplasma infections present unique diagnostic challenges, but timely testing and collaboration helps lead to the best results. By prioritizing proper sampling and maintaining open communication with diagnostic professionals, veterinarians and producers can improve outcomes for their patients.
For more information about mycoplasma or other testing options visit tvmdl.tamu.edu or call the College Station laboratory at 888.646.5623 or the Canyon laboratory at 888.646.5624.
